BIO208 - Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology I

MODULE 2 Anatomy (structure) and Physiology (function ) – 1.1a -Bridge as analogy to anatomy and physiology Levels of Organization of Human Body – 1.1b focusing on the following: -skeletal system - supports the body, enables movement in conjunction with the muscular system -muscular system - together with the bones and skeleton system enables movement, helps maintain body temperature -nervous system -key for detecting and processing information (part of this information is how bones and muscles

MODULE 3 Tissue Types – 1.1f 4 tissue types (including epithelial) 3 main tissue types (focused on in this course) 1.    muscle tissue – skeletal muscle (refer to Table 4.2) a.    skeletal muscle type – voluntary movement, protects organs, long cylindrical fibers, striated (produces heat) b.    smooth muscles – involuntary, no striations, less nuclei c.    cardiac muscle – short branched, striated, less organized 2.    connective tissue – bones, tendons, cartilage            -function: sup

MODULE 4 Human Skeleton – 1.1i -human skeleton has 206 bones -patella -sesamoid bones (diversity; some people can have none and still have the same grip and the ability to walk; or people can have up to 20 sesamoid bones) so not everyone has 206 exactly -hyoid bone: how you speak, and it helps with speech, only bone that does not connect to any other bones in your body -skeleton is composed of different types of bones -manubrium and sternum; flat bones - humerus and femur; long bones - part of y

MODULE 5 Muscles of the Head – 1.2e -muscles have two points of attachment -origin – static -insertion – will move muscle towards origin Innervation of the Muscles of the Head – 1.3b Parts of the Neuron -axon – generates signal, action potential Key channel for action potential – voltage gated channel (figure 12.21) -embedded channel within phospholipid bilayer -voltage gated channel will be open or closed at particular voltage -typical voltage is -70 inside membrane -higher than -70, decreasing

MODULE 8 Pectoral Girdle Muscles and Movement – 1.2g & 1.3d -movement of the scapula (clavicle is associated with scapula) Notes About Innervation: -every skeletal muscle fibre must be innervated by axon terminal of motor neuron (known as motor unit) in order to contract -size of motor unit varies -small motor units tend to be more excitable -larger motor units need more signals to become excited and contract -Recruitment: increase in activation of motor units produces increase in muscle contrac