CHEMISTRY BASIS OF LIFE Topic 1 Major Biological Polymer: Proteins Nucleic Acids Polysaccharides Four Major Biomolecules: Amino acids Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleotides Amino Acids Topic 2 Proteins are composed of amino acids based on genetic code DNA can encode 20 different acids to make protein Structure of Amino Acids: 20 amino acids in four classes Stereoisomers possible, D and L forms possible Proteins only contain L-amino acids amino acids have an alpha carbon that is attached to a carbo

CHEMISTRY BASIS OF LIFE Topic 1 Major Biological Polymer: Proteins Nucleic Acids Polysaccharides Four Major Biomolecules: Amino acids Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleotides Amino Acids Topic 2 Proteins are composed of amino acids based on genetic code DNA can encode 20 different acids to make proteins Structure of Amino Acids: 20 amino acids in four classes Stereoisomers possible, D and L forms possible Proteins only contain L-amino acids amino acids have an alpha carbon that is attached to a carb

Chemistry Basis of Life Topic 1 Major Biological Polymer: Proteins Nucleic Acids Polysaccharides Four Major Biomolecules: Amino acids Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleotides

Amino Acids Topic 2 Proteins are composed of amino acids based on genetic code DNA can encode 20 different acids to make proteins Structure of Amino Acids: 20 amino acids in four classes Stereoisomers possible, D and L forms possible Proteins only contain L-amino acids amino acids have an alpha carbon that is attached to a carboxyl group and an amino group as well as a R group that is different for every amino acid, everything else is the same (except proline kind of) Major Properties of Si

Protein Structure and Analysis Topic 3 Proteins are linear polymers of amino acids size 50 to greater than 30 000 amino acids Nomenclature Dipeptide: peptide chain with two amino acids Tripeptide: peptide chain composed of three amino acids Oligopeptide: peptide chain with 3-20 amino acids Polypeptide: many amino acids Protein: molecule composed of one or more polypeptide chain Peptide Bond In polypeptide each amino acid is a residue Always N-terminus first on left then C-terminus on right R

Protein Functions Topic 4 underlies almost everything that happens in cell including variants and PTM's (post-translational-modification) several hundred thousands Phosphorylation each amino acid with hydroxyl group (Ser, Thr, Tyr) can be phosphorylated by kinase enzymes creates side chains with two (negative) charges phosphorylation like off and on switch can turn off enzyme phosphatase (removes phos group) Ligand-Building Proteins reversible interactions many proteins contain sites to wh

Enzyme Catalysis Topic 5 Biological catalyst Perform nearly all chemical transformations in cell Accelerate but are unchanged by rxn Most enzymes are proteins (some RNA) Name often ends in -ase products of billions of years of evolution Substrate; molecule on which enzyme acts Specificity many enzymes recognize only one or few from hundreds thousands kinds of molecules in cell Fidelity Enzymes almost never make mistake Result in close to 100% yield Rapidity Enzyme can accelerate rxns

Lipids and Biological Membranes Topic 6 Lipids - one of the main classes of biomolecules very little solubility in water soluble in organic solvents can be enzyme cofactors or signalling molecules Classes of Lipids Fatty Acids hydrocarbon chains that end in -COOH usually linear and even number of carbons can vary in length 4-24 carbons saturated - no double bond monounsaturated - one double bond usually between 9-10 carbons almost always cis, forms bend/kink polyunsaturated - two or

Carbohydrate Structure Topic 7 important source of energy, cell-cell recognition coating to protect cells monosaccharides - basic unit of carbs Monosaccharides general formula (CH2O)n -> n is usually between 3-7 name carbon monomers by numbers of carbon all monomers have carbon=oxygen central carbon is chiral therefore has enantiomer can draw fischer projections to represent monomer D - Glyceraldehyde (most are D) OH on right L - Glyceraldehyde OH on left Aldoses - aldehyde Ketoses -

FUndamental Concepts of Metabolism Topic 8 living organisms built to maintain physical structure import and export passing genes to prodigy all of these tasks involve chemicals Gibbs Free Energy (G) G = amount of energy available to do work in chemical solution (some molecules in aqueous solution) G depends on: Chemical nature molecule Environmental conditions (Temperature, Pressure, Concentration) concentration increases, equals increase in G determines if forward/reverse rxn favoured ΔG

Glycogen metabolism Topic 9 polymer of glucose monomers found in livers and muscles Muscle: storage for cell goal - make ATP for muscle used by individual/muscle cells Liver: exists as energy reserve for entire body when blood glucose decreases, liver breaks down glycogen and sends - supply blood and organs with glucose Glycogen when G6P abundant some converted to G1P equilibrium removes phosphate carbon 6 ⟶ to carbon 1 G1P can be added to glycogen polymer - unfavourable need energy rxn c

Citric acid cycle Topic 10 pyruvate 3-carbon molecule that can be oxidized further ultimately to 3 CO2 molecules pyruvate made in cytosol pyruvate further oxidized in mitochondria some intermediates glycolysis and CAC are used in to synthesize amino acids and other essential molecules precursors for synthesis amino acids when degraded can be used as intermediates of CAC 1 g protein = 1g carbon ⟶ for ATP production The Mitochondria two membranes outer membrane relatively large pore that al

Oxidative phosphorylation Topic 11 electrons don't directly go from NADH/QH2 to O2 are passed from one electron carrier to another (ETC) Cofactors protein bound, non-protein chemical species some proteins require chemical 20 AA's don't have therefore need cofactors Electron Carriers 6 types of electron carriers in the ETC Nicotinamide electron carrier group of NADH and NADPH carries 2 electrons on ring bind transiently to proteins as co-substrates Flavins is alloxazine ring derived from vitami

lipid metabolism Topic 12 Release Acetyl-CoA from fatty acid storage breakdown triacylglycerols to make fatty acids main point: to release fatty acids from storage so that they can be broken down to acetyl-CoA release fatty acids from triacylglycerols is promoted by hormone ⟶ glucagon (indicates low blood glucose concentration) therefore body taps into fatty acid storage as less carbohydrates are available when blood glucose is high ⟶ insulin this inhibits breakdown of triacylglycerols when

Summary of Metabolic pathways Topic 13 Overview Energy Metabolism Fed State carbs ingested, will increase concentration glucose in blood will induce pancreas to release insulin tissues will take up glucose from blood via transporters and phosphorylate to glucose-6-phosphate, trapping glucose in cell G6P multiple uses insulin has effect up-regulating glycolysis so some G6P will convert pyruvate which further oxidized in CAC oxidative phosphorylation also active to produce ATP as ATP sup