Daler Aliberdiev

Rocks Naturally occurring Coherent (holds together), but not always as you see beach sand is not held together If it is not lithified, then it is not a rock Composed of multiple mineral grains all the same material or many different types Igneous - formed from cooling of molten (melted) rock Sedimentary - formed at the surface of the earth by deposition and cementation of particles of rock transported by wind, water, or ice It could also be (bio) chemically produced debris Metamorphic - formed w

Chapter Outline Systems, cycles, reservoirs and fluxes The nature of environmental systems and cycles Feedback loops How environmental scientists use and portray these concepts using models Systems A portion of the universe that can be separated from the rest, for the purpose of studying changes that occur within it, under changing conditions.   Earth's Categories of Systems Major Earth spheres Geosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere Boundaries overlap, systems and subsystems interact   Ty

UNDERSTANDING ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL INFORMATION WHAT IS ACCOUNTING Accounting is the recording, classifying, summarizing, and interpreting of financial events to provide management and other interested parties the information they need to make good decisions. AREAS OF ACCOUNTING Managerial Accounting - Accounting used to provide information and analysis to managers within the organization to assist them in decision making. Includes much more forward looking. Management decision making is ba

The Hydrologic Cycle Unfrozen fresh water can be used for drinking water Frozen fresh water needs to be protected after being found Water circulates through reservoirs in Earth Water evaporates from the ocean and enters the atmosphere, can also be stored for a period of time in another reservoir Water on land can be held by glacial ice or surface water Groundwater fills holes/cracks between grains or rocks Some water becomes incorporated in organisms You’re Drinking Water Bottled water or tap

Metamorphosis Metamorphosis is about change, changing from one state to another It happens in a gradual, continuous way Franz Kafta: turns into a cockroach M.C. Escher Metamorphic Rocks Change in form, by applying heat and pressure Pressure - greater than 5 km deep Temperature - 250-850 degrees Celsius Deformation - compression or shear; not all rocks are deformed Composition - what you start with dictates what you end with Time takes a long for it to become a metamorphic rock How Do Rocks

The Social Factors Affecting Life Expectancy Lifestyle Smoking, excessive alcohol and drug use etc. Social insulation associated with premature health (example- you're likely to die faster if your spouse dies before you) Poor diet, lack of exercise etc. Factors Related to Public Health and Health care Public health Government-run programs ensuring access to things like basic sanitation services (sewage system) and clean drinking water 1/6th of the world has no access to clean drinking water I

Climate Change and Global Warming 'An Inconvenient Truth' Most scientists believe global warming is occurring and that human activity is to blame Is Toronto addressing global warming? Report to the Parks and Environment Committee Chair and Councillor Norm Kelly Genetic Pollution Recombination of DNA, genetically modifies organisms (GMO's) Hard to control GMO's once they are in the environment and can easily spread Monsanto Inequality & Biotechnology Small farmers adversely affected by agribus

System's Basic Properties Dynamic equilibrium Systems are constantly changing, interacting, balancing Homeostasis maintain or turn to stable condition Many systems tend to maintain stable internal conditions (resistance) Resilience will be affected but will come back Some systems (not all) recover easily from disturbances Emergent properties System characteristics not evident in individual components on their own Interconnected Reservoirs of Systems and Cycles A cycle is a system of two or m

Effusive vs. Eruptive Effusive volcanoes - low viscosity (flows faster, runny lava), mafic, crystallizes first, high melting temperature (warmer) Example - Basaltic lava Eruptive volcanoes - higher viscosity (flows slower, sticky lava), silicic, crystallizes last, low melting temperature (cooler) Example - Rhyolite lava Volatiles are dissolved into magma High volatiles favour an explosive volcano Strato vs. Shield Volanoces Shield volcanoes - small shield-like volcanoes, the basaltic magma

Brittle vs. Ductile Deformation Brittle deformation - dropping a plate, rocks breaking under stress Temperature - low Pressure - low Time (deformation rate) - fast Composition - strong Ductile deformation is like dough being deformed, as it is soft and malleable Temperature - high Pressure - high Time (deformation rate) - slow Composition - weak, like play-doh which flows when pressure is applied Brittle-Ductile Transition Moho is the lower part of the crust Brittle deformation is on the upper

Circuit Switching - Is like an on off switch completes circuit. Packet Switching - Cut up data into small pieces and passes through other networks to reroute messages in order to get to the receiver. Meaning there are multiple ways to get to the sender. Transfer Control Protocol/IP - This is basic language of internet it is not private open to everyone. DNS Domain Name Server - It's like a phone book of the internet. Hard to remember the phone numbers but the name is easier to remember Mobilit

System Is a network of relationships among parts, elements, or components that interact with and influence one another through the exchange of energy, matter, or information. Systems receive inputs of energy, matter, or information, process these inputs and produce outputs Closed System - Matter doesn’t arrive or leave Open System - Matter arrives and leaves Feedback Loops Negative Feedback Loop - Output that results from a system moving in one direction acts as input that moves the system in o

Hypothesis - A provisional statement (temporary statement) that proposes a possible explanation for a particular observed explanation Example Cigarette smoking increases the probability of developing certain types of lung cancer Null Hypothesis - A statement of "no effect" Experimental results are analyzed to see whether they support the (alternate) hypothesis or the null. Example Cigarette smoking has no effect on the probability of developing certain types of lung cancer which means that c

Chapter 17: Financial management Describe the importance of finance and financial management to an organization, and explain the responsibilities of financial managers. Outline the financial planning process, and explain the three key budgets in the financial plan. Explain the major reasons why firms need funds, and identify various types of financing that can be used to obtain these funds. Identify and describe different sources of short-term financing. Identify and describe different sources o

On the Move - Plate Tectonics Oceanic and Continental Crust Crust 35 km thick (0-70 km range) Low density (lighter) Oceanic Crust - Created at mid-ocean ridges (occurs at divergent boundary) Destroyed at subduction zones (occurs at convergent boundary) Slides by at strike-slip faults (occurs at transform boundary) Continental crust cannot be destroyed Subduction Zones Tectonic plates going down into the Earth Epicenter is where an earthquake occurs Once it is mapped out, the depth of the earth

Atom Composed of an electron made up of negatively charged electrons and a nucleus Nucleus has about the same number of positive protons and neutral electrons Outer shell has about the same number of negative electrons Element A grouping of the same atoms that all have the same number of protons Example: carbon, oxygen, uranium Isotope - elements with the same atomic number but different number of neutrons What is a Mineral? Mineral - A material composed of a single or multiple elements held

Why Do Research? To get answers and avoid making stereotypes and following common sense Our world is constantly changing, and so are the theories and concepts. Constant research has to be done to reflect the true diversity and time of the current world we live in Variable - A concept that can take on more than one value. Example, concept of gender, value of male or female. Concept of citizenship, value of being Canadian. Independent Variable- The presumed cause in the cause-and-effect relation

Social Mobility - Is the movement up or down the stratification system Meritocracy Is achievement based on merit (work hard and you'll get what you deserve). Being motivated to go up ladder. It was the norm to go to school until you were 18 back in the days, but now we consider it a norm, or must have, to have higher education. Society is shaping our education system. The labor market is shaped by the degrees available. Some jobs now need degrees that didn't before, so workers forced to go bac

Fossil Formation The dinosaur collapses and ides, footprints are left in the mud Flesh Water level rises, sediment barriers the bones and footprints Thick sequence of sediments accumulates Fossil Types: Replaces Bones of Shells Most fossils are hard like rock, like bones or shells Original material is replaced by more durable minerals Material is already a rock, therefore it is easier to classify in the rock record Molds and casts - Impression of a shell, or a soft-bodied organisms Sediment get

OVERVIEW Managers make decisions in view of the commitments they have agreed to or envisioned as important for their department or organization. Commitments - context within which managers make decisions. THE NATURE OF MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING – BOUNDED RATIONALITY AND BOUNDED EMOTIONALITY Being rational and making rational decisions has its limits. He termed this limitation in our decision making “bounded rationality”. Instead of being fully rational about making decision – “maximization” –