Shehray Khan

DNA Repair Topic 16 DNA Damage any unintended physical or chemical change in DNA information contained in sequence of DNA represents genetic instructions RNA continually being synthesized and degraded - transcription DNA in cells is permanent chromosomes are large and subject to damage sometimes changes DNA good often its damage effects DNA damage harmful to proper function reduced cell function cancer can even be caused this reasons cell strive preserve/protect DNA cells have evolved repair me

Protein Structure and Analysis Topic 3 Proteins are linear polymers of amino acids size 50 to greater than 30 000 amino acids Nomenclature Dipeptide: peptide chain with two amino acids Tripeptide: peptide chain composed of three amino acids Oligopeptide: peptide chain with 3-20 amino acids Polypeptide: many amino acids Protein: molecule composed of one or more polypeptide chain Peptide Bond In polypeptide each amino acid is a residue Always N-terminus first on left then C-terminus on right R

Protein Functions Topic 4 underlies almost everything that happens in cell including variants and PTM's (post-translational-modification) several hundred thousands Phosphorylation each amino acid with hydroxyl group (Ser, Thr, Tyr) can be phosphorylated by kinase enzymes creates side chains with two (negative) charges phosphorylation like off and on switch can turn off enzyme phosphatase (removes phos group) Ligand-Building Proteins reversible interactions many proteins contain sites to wh

Prokaryotic (bacterial) Transcription Topic 18 bacteria and archea both prokaryotes transcription and translation are very different Transcription purpose of RNA first step in expression of any gene (highly regulated) RNA modified copy information found in DNA RNA production important 1st step in defining how much certain protein product made at a given time RNA can assume many functions that DNA cannot transfer RNAs ribosomal RNAs micro RNAs provides amplification of material available for

Nucleic Acids Unit C Nucleic Structure Topic 14 Nitrogenous Bases two types of bases 1. Purine adenine guanine 2. Pyrimidine cytosine thymine/uracil (differ by methyl) the ring structure of all nitrogenous bases are essentially flat flat surfaces of the bases are relatively hydrophobic edges have hydrogen bonds Nucleoside a molecule which nitrogenous base attached to a sugar the base is attached at the anomeric carbon two sugars used are ribose and deoxyribose Nucleotides add one or more ph

Chemistry Basis of Life Topic 1 Major Biological Polymer: Proteins Nucleic Acids Polysaccharides Four Major Biomolecules: Amino acids Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleotides

Molecular Basis of Cancer Topic 17 cancer can strike victims of all ages cancer more prevalent as pop ages attributed to the accumulation of errors in our cells genomes cancer is characterized by genetic and biochemical defects Cancer as a Genetic Disease susceptibility to cancer can be inherited retinoblastoma (eye cancer) xeroderma pigmentosa (skin cancer) some forms of breast cancer, prostate, ovarian, and intestinal this is why doctors take your family history Genetic Predisposition means

DNA Replication Topic 15 DNA replication is very important DNA replication is semiconservatitive each double helix produced contains one strand from original double helix and a newly synthesized one each original strand template that's copied to make new complementary strand sequence one strand dictates sequence of others should be DNA Replication Four Steps Initiation Priming DNA Synthesis - proofreading Ligation Initiation in E. Coli bacteria like E Coli have small circular genomes E Coli ha